Best college essay ever: 2020

Tuesday, September 15, 2020

Essay Helper Is Here To Offer The Most Reliable Essay Writing Help

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Essay Helper Is Here To Offer The Most Reliable Essay Writing Help

Friday, September 11, 2020

Topic Sentence And Supporting Details Worksheet Pdf

Topic Sentence And Supporting Details Worksheet Pdf Currently, the range of common app essay word restrict is between 250 to 650-word count. If you are unable to stay to it, you can opt for frequent app essay help that would give you all of the wanted assistance. Some faculties or universities provide with the word restrict for the essay. Here emphasis ought to be given on all of the factors that were discussed in the earlier two questions however the true problem is to first, know the thought limit after which write down the essay. There are common software essay word restrict which have to be taken care of. Some unethical scams embrace charging exorbitant quantity, offer plagiarized or dangerous assignments, or disappear after amassing the charge, and so forth. So, the way to recognize the most effective and dependable writing companies and choose them for getting the required service. 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Wednesday, September 2, 2020

Professional Essay Writers

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Essayteach

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Hire Essay Writer Online

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The Best Essay Writing Service Available On The Internet

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The Best Essay Writing Service Available On The Internet

Friday, August 28, 2020

Rush Essay

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Wednesday, August 26, 2020

Xpertwriters

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Tuesday, May 26, 2020

How to Write an Essay on a Website Sample

How to Write an Essay on a Website SampleIf you are an English-language novice looking to learn to write an essay on a website sample of an HTML document, there are many different things you need to know. First of all, you should know that there are many different ways you can begin to prepare for writing the document, one of which is by using the sample website. You can also use these samples in order to learn how to write on a variety of different subjects. Just to mention a few of the topics you may be able to use the sample documents to learn about: History, Art, Music, Mathematics, Literature, etc.If you do decide to begin writing an essay on an English website, there are a few simple things you will need to do. One of the first things you need to do is learn a little about the structure of the website. Most English websites have something called the nav style. This is just a short introduction to the site, about what it is about, and the reason you are there. Keep in mind, the more you know about the website the easier it will be to get through it and begin writing your essay.Another important thing you will need to do is to keep track of what has been written on the website. When you look up a word in a word processing software, it will take you to the definition of the word. So, you should make a note of this word, where it is found, and then make another note where you are.Another thing you should do when you are writing an essay on a website sample is to keep an eye out for the different way the words are spelled. There are a variety of different ways that the terms are spelled. If you can find a way to quickly and easily spell the term that the essay is talking about, you will find that you are far more likely to be able to comprehend the text of the document.A good thing to keep in mind is that in order to be successful you should always make your writing things. Don't try to polish up your work. The Internet provides you with many different ways to make your writing easy. If you make your writing easy then you will find that you will be able to get through the document and write an essay on the website.There are a variety of different ways to approach an English website when you are beginning to write. One of the most common ways is to simply ask the author of the website if you can use the sample. Most will agree to this and when you use the sample they will provide you with valuable input into the details of the page.Your essay will still be a work of art if you use the site in the correct way and then put all the information into the text. This may be one of the best things you can do if you are ready to write an essay on a website.

Friday, May 15, 2020

Essay on Against Affirmative Action - 584 Words

Affirmative action was created to assist minority groups against discrimination, but affirmative action does more harm than what it can do to help. Affirmative action was created with the intention of leveling the playing field so that everyone can have an equal opportunity to be hired or accepted in to a school, but it does the opposite of what it is meant to do. Affirmative action is reverse discrimination against white males, lesser qualified people are admitted into jobs and colleges, and not all people have an equal opportunity to advance. Affirmative action should be abolished because the negatives from the program far outweigh the positives. The program is doing a lot of harm to American society instead of helping. IfÃ¢â‚¬ ¦show more contentÃ¢â‚¬ ¦In eight University of California campuses where affirmative action is no longer implemented the enrollment of black students only declined by 17% and the enrollment of Hispanics declined only by 6.9%. Even without the use of it, minorities are still getting into colleges. There is no need for discriminatory programs like affirmative action because there is not a big difference between minority groups and whites anymore. If some person has the potential and desire to succeed they can succeed. Everyone can do anything they want to do if they have what is takes to enter the university or job. Some people argue that affirmative action is a program of opportunity, and not a program of discrimination. Although affirmative action might be a program of opportunity it only gives opportunity to a select few. If it would give everyone the same opportunity affirmative action would be a good program, but it does not. Minorities are given the upper hand with affirmative action. Supporters of affirmative action also argue affirmative action helps to diversify jobs and schools. Although the program does bring some minorities into jobs and schools, there is a price to pay for it. Whites are not allowed into those places because they need to diversify the schools and workplaces. In order for diversification to happen everyone should be able to be accepted instead of taking in the minorities andShow MoreRelatedAn Argument Against Affirmative Action Essay1716 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 7 PagesPaved with Good Intentions: An Argument Against Affirmative Action Out of the jaws of civil war, the new United States had emerged. Broken and burning and minus 620,000 men, a new challenge lay before the nation: social equality. How would we address the sickening grievances endured by these African American now-citizens? That question has hallmarked fiery debates from dinner tables all the way to the Supreme Court for more than a century. During the Civil Rights Movement, millions of American citizensRead MoreArgument Against Affirmative Action Policies Essay1145 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 5 PagesGroups that are in refutation of Affirmative Action professor Gary Becker, who states Ã¢â‚¬Å"Affirmative Action policies lowers standards of account ability need to push employees or student to perform better.Ã¢â‚¬ (Becker) BeckerÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s meaning behind this argument is that students or employees who are affecting by affirmative action tend to try harder than they should know that they are going to be accepted just because of Affirmative Action policies. Becker sa y this type of polices eventually hurts more thanRead MoreAffirmative Action : Discrimination Against Minorities1513 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 7 PagesOthmane Ezzabdi AP Seminar Affirmative Action Affirmative action has been apart of the work environment in America since the 1960s until present time. Its main goal has been to suppress the discrimination against minorities and to give them a fighting chance to succeed in achieving their goal of living the American dream all in an act to counter the inexcusable racism and discrimination that has been inhumanely placed on to the minorities over a century ago in the United States; it will ultimatelyRead MoreArguments for and Against Affirmative Action Essay example893 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 4 Pagesapplying but denying his admission, encouraging him to apply at a later date. After all, Christopher is white and, according to Affirmative Action, Steven is more deserving of admission based on his ethnicity which increases the diversity of the institution by allowing students of different races and cultures the same opportunities.(1) But does it? Affirmative Action, a remedy that federal courts used to impose on violators of the Civil Rights Act, was originally introduced in 1961 by PresidentRead MoreEssay on Affirmative Action Discriminates against Asians1146 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 5 PagesAffirmative action has been viewed as an effective tool for rectifying the inequalities of racism in our countryÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s past. It is a set of procedures intended to eliminate the discrimination of an applicant based on their ethnic origin. President John F. Kennedy first introduced the concept Ã¢â‚¬Å"broadly across the United States with his Executive Order number 10925Ã¢â‚¬ and Ã¢â‚¬Å"in 1978 the Supreme Court ruled that race could be used as an admission standardÃ¢â‚¬ (Wilcher). The utilization of race is a Ã¢â‚¬Å"plus factorÃ¢â‚¬ Read MoreAffirmative Action And Discrimination Against Women And Minority Groups1386 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 6 PagesA policy designed to redress past discrimination against women and minority groups through measures to im prove their economic and educational opportunities. By definition seems to explain affirmative action and to help subsidize for past discrimination. Affirmative action has foremost affects in college admissions and employment. Especially, in employment more qualified women applicants are hired solely in the fact that they are members of a minority group. The WomenÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s Movement has fought for theRead MoreAffirmative Action : Discrimination Against Women, Minorities, And Those With Disabilities1947 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 8 PagesAffirmative Action I had no need to apologize that the look-wider, search more affirmative action that Princeton and Yale practiced had opened doors for me. That was its purpose: to create conditions whereby students from disadvantaged backgrounds could be brought to the starting line of a race many were unaware was even being run, says Supreme Court Justice Sonia Sotomayor. The civil rights act of 1964 set affirmative action in motion. It gave Minority groups the ability to attend schools andRead More Affirmative Action - The Battles Against Race-based Educational Plans2292 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 10 PagesAffirmative Action - The Battles Against Race-Based Educational Plans Californias decision in 1996 to outlaw the use of race in public college admissions was widely viewed as the beginning of the end for affirmative action at public universities all over the United States. But in the four years since Californians passed Proposition 209, most states have agreed that killing affirmative action outright would deepen social inequality by denying minority citizens access to higher educationRead MoreRace Based Affirmative Action On Higher Education Essay1445 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 6 PagesRace-Based Affirmative Action in Higher Education In 1961, President John F. Kennedy issued Executive Order 10925, which created the Committee on Equal Employment Opportunity, or CEEO. One purpose of the CEEO was to Ã¢â‚¬Å"recommend additional affirmative steps which should be taken by executive departments and agencies to realize more fully the national policy of nondiscriminationÃ¢â‚¬ (Kennedy). This executive order planted the seeds that grew into what is today known as Ã¢â‚¬Å"race-based affirmative action,Ã¢â‚¬ or theRead MoreUnderrepresented Students Benefit From A Multicultural Education903 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 4 Pagesbenefactors of the privilege commiserate with membership in the dominant groupÃ¢â‚¬ (Thorington 2). Affirmative action is a strategic method that provides both colleges and all students a benefit of learning and adapting to the real world. Despite affirmative actionÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s purpose of accessible educational equality and diversity, some universities have been sued by students over the reason that affirmative action gives colleges the authority to use racial preferences when selecting candidates for admittance

Wednesday, May 6, 2020

The Need Of Organ Transplants Essay - 1530 Words

The overwhelming need of organ transplants are increasing daily. There are many causes for such a high demand in the organ crisis, one of them being diabetes. Diabetes is one of the leading causes of organ transplants, primarily kidneys. The waiting lists for donated organs are so incredibly long, that often, people wait for up to three years for an organ to become available. In the United Sta` tes alone, there is an average of seventeen patients per day that die while awaiting an organ transplant. (Journal of Medical Ethics) The United States is not the only nation plagued with such long waiting lists. The problem of having a shortage of organs needed for transplants has taken its toll throughout the entire world. This global issue is in need of a solution. How do we reduce the numbers of patients awaiting organ transplants? Also, at what cost are people willing to pay for an organ that is so desperately needed? Kidney transplants are the fastest growing surgical procedure t hat the world is in need of today. Throughout the globe, there are an estimated 2.8 million people that are currently in need of a kidney. Patients in need of kidney transplants are often placed on dialysis (a long term prevention for kidney failure). The sufferable acts of dialysis alone, can lead people to do irrational things. In their desperation, they often try to find ways to help prolong the life expectancy of their loved ones on dialysis. The problem lies in the amount of surgeriesShow MoreRelatedThe Contribution Of An Organ Transplant1184 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 5 Pages An organ transplant Ã¢â‚¬Å"is a surgical operation where a failing or damaged organ in the human body is removed and replaced with a new oneÃ¢â‚¬ (Center for Bioethics). The first organ transplant was provided in 1954, where a kidney was taken from one identical brother to another, lasting for eight years. Eventually more successful organ transplants began to occur such as in 1962 the first cadaveric transplan t was a success prolonging life for almost two years. In 1966 a successful liver transplant hadRead MoreHsc 525 Week 2 Essay example1101 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 5 PagesEthical Health Care Issues: Organ Transplant Allocation University of Phoenix HCS 545 Health Care Law and Ethics Louise Underhahl July 23, 2012 Ethical Health Care Issues: Organ Transplant Allocation One of the areas that is currently affecting the United States is the ethical issue of organ transplant allocation. Since the first single lung transplant in 1983 and then the first double lung transplant in 1986 there have been thousands of people who have lived because of the surgery. OneRead MoreOrgan Of A Organ Transplant954 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 4 PagesOrgan Transplant How do you feel when you really want something, but you have to wait for it? Especially if it was the result of either life or death. People all across America are in this situation. They need an organ transplant in order to live but they are put on a waiting list to see if they qualify for an organ which may come in time before they are to sick, or it may not come in time which ends in death. Some of the points we will discuss is what is an organ transplant, how can we determineRead MoreThe And Its Effect On Human Life921 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 4 PagesWith recent advances organ transplants have advances dew hope for the treatment of kidney, Liver diseases. However, this promise has been accompanied by several issues. The most common issue has raised its ethical implications in the culture like Muslim world, because in 1983, the Muslim Religious Council disallowed organ donations by supporters of Islam, but it has overturned its position, as long the donor s consent in writing before death. . Transplanted Islam powerfully believes in the principleRead MoreDetermining Who Should Receive An Organ Transplant Can1666 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 7 PagesDetermining who should receive an organ transplant can be a tricky and difficult task. According to the UNOS, the company that maintains the organ transplant list, there are various factors that are under consideration when an organ is available. Things like blood type, tissue type, medical urgency, and proximity to the donor are all taken into consideration; factors like age, income, or racial/ethnic background are not even taken into consideration. Furthermore, the transplant list is more like a pool thanRead MoreOrgan Donation : A Transplant1141 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 5 Pages Ã¢â‚¬Å"Organ donation is the surgical process of providing one or more organs to be used for transplantation into another person. Organ donors can be deceased or livingÃ¢â‚¬ (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2016, p. 1). The very first successful organ transplant was a kidney transplant performed in 1954. By the late 1960Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s they were successfully transplanting livers, hearts and pancreases. Lung and intestinal transplants came shortly after in the 1980Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s. At this very second 121,574 people areRead MoreEssay On Organ Donation814 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 4 Pagesunpreventable, yet the process of organ donation and transplantation prolongs life. Problems with the supply and demand of viable organs lead to controversial topics and debates regarding solutions to suppress the gap between donors and recipients. One prevalent debate concerning these problems follows the question of whether to allow non-donors to receive organ transplants if needed even though they arenÃ¢â‚ ¬â„¢t registered to donate their own organs. Although denying non-registered organ donors the possibility toRead MoreThe Importance of Promoting Organ Donations Essay1182 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 5 Pageswaiting list to receive an organ transplant, for some people the waiting process can be very long, and for others it can be short. To many people having someone give a gift of an organ donation is known has a second chance, a fresh start, and a new beginning at living a normal life again. Every year people on the wait list increase in numbers due to lack of organ donation shortages therefore, finding a donor becomes difficult because in order to receive a transplant the recipient must be compatibleRead MoreEssay about Organ Transplantation978 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 4 PagesOrgan transplantation is, without a hesitation, one of the most major achievements in modern medicine. In many cases, it is the only effective therapy for end-stage organ failure and is broadly practiced around the world. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), around 21,000 liver transplants, 66,000 kidney transplants, and 6000 heart transplantation were performed globally in 2005.1 In addition, data showed that living kidney, liver, and lung donations declined, going from 7,004 in 2004Read MoreA Family Is Grieving For A Serious Congenital Heart Disease881 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 4 PagesA family is grieving. Their five years daughter has already undergone one open-heart surgery for a serious congenital he art disease. Then, the doctor told her parents that the girl needed a transplant. The five year old girl could not walk or eat and finally, she is put in intensive care (Pathos). This sounds all too real right. Well, it is. This is the tale of a Chinese girl, Shutong. Luckily, in October 2000, she received the heart of donor Matthew, a four-year-old typical boy who liked playing

Tuesday, May 5, 2020

Poliomyelitis in Pakistan

Question: Discuss about poliomyelitis in Pakistan? Answer: Introduction Pakistan became one of the countries where poliomyelitis becomes endemic. Poliomyelitis is also known as polio and the causative agent of this infection is poliovirus. 83 percent of Pakistani children were vaccinated in the year of 1991. Door to door vaccination started after 1999 Problem related to the eradication of poliomyelitis is the unawareness of people and their meaningless fear about the vaccination procedure. Pakistani police issued warrants against the refusal of vaccination cases. They have arrested near about 13,000 to 16,000 Pakistani people who had refuses to vaccinize their children. About polio Poliomyelitis is a very infectious disease and it spread through fecal to oral route and transmitted via person-to-person and causes the paralysis of the child. Symptoms of polio People who became infected by polio virus are mainly asymptomatic. Symptom includes fatigue, fever, vomiting, headache, stiffness in the neck, severe pain in the body parts etc. Polio eradication program The prime minister of Pakistan approved the national emergency action plan or NEAP in 2011. The aim of NEAP is to stop the transmission of wild polio virus. Conflict with polio In Pakistan the infection became epidemic. Pakistans near about 152 districts have persistent in the transmission of polio virus. Program to meet the problem Therefore an educational program should be done for the proper education of the Pakistani people to eradicate polio from its root. Limitations of the program Pakistani people are not aware about the seriousness of the polio and they have meaningless fear about the vaccination so that can be a big obstacle in the success of the program. Conclusion The vaccination procedure is the only way to get rid of this problem. People have to be more aware about the seriousness of this disease. Callaway E. Polio campaign at turning point, after Pakistan killings. Nature. 2012. doi:10.1038/nature.2012.1212 Roberts L. Fighting Polio in Pakistan. Science. 2012;337(6094):517-521. doi:10.1126/science.337.6094.517 Reference list 1. Callaway E. Polio campaign at turning point, after Pakistan killings. Nature. 2012. doi:10.1038/nature.2012.12127. 2. Roberts L. Fighting Polio in Pakistan. Science. 2012;337(6094):517-521. doi:10.1126/science.337.6094.517.

Wednesday, April 15, 2020

Gross Grammar That vs. Which

Ã¢â‚¬Å"ThatÃ¢â‚¬ and Ã¢â‚¬Å"whichÃ¢â‚¬ are often mistakenly used interchangeably in writing, but the two words actually perform different functions. Knowing when to use them correctly is a matter of understanding the difference between a restrictive clause and a non-restrictive clause. That should be used to begin a restrictive clause. Which should be used to begin a non-restrictive clause. Restrictive Clauses A restrictive clause contains necessary information that changes the meaning of the sentence if removed. Ã¢â‚¬Å"The walls that have graffiti on them should be painted over.Ã¢â‚¬ Ã¢â‚¬Å"The boats that are full of water need to be taken away.Ã¢â‚¬ Ã¢â‚¬Å"Robots that are made of metal are not the best value.Ã¢â‚¬ A restrictive clause, as you can see from the examples above, restrict the meaning of a sentence to something specific. Non-Restrictive Clauses A non-restrictive clause contains flavor text that could be removed without changing the meaning of the sentence. These clauses are generally accompanied by commas surrounding them. Ã¢â‚¬Å"Speed boats, which are allowed on many bodies of water, should be used with safety in mind.Ã¢â‚¬ Ã¢â‚¬Å"I do most of my work on my computer, which is in my bedroom.Ã¢â‚¬ If I removed the non-restrictive clauses from the examples, it wouldnÃ¢â‚¬â„¢t alter the meaning of the sentence. Why Use Them Correctly? Switching the two terms can change the meaning of a sentence, so itÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s important to use them correctly. Ã¢â‚¬Å"My dog that is hairless loves to chew on my futon.Ã¢â‚¬ Ã¢â‚¬Å"My dog, which is hairless, loves to chew on my futonÃ¢â‚¬ Notice the difference? The first sentence indicates that, specifically, your hairless dog is the one that likes to chew on your furniture (maybe you have multiple dogs). The second sentence makes it seem as if you have one dog, heÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s hairless, and he loves to chew on your futon. ItÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s a subtle difference, but as a freelance content writer, it is best to be as clear as possible. Who Finally, when you are referring to people, donÃ¢â‚¬â„¢t use that or which. Use Ã¢â‚¬Å"whoÃ¢â‚¬ instead. Ã¢â‚¬Å"The boy who had the milkshake ran away.Ã¢â‚¬ Clarity is important in article writing. If your readers canÃ¢â‚¬â„¢t follow your meaning, they will often stop reading. Using restrictive and non-restrictive clauses effectively will contribute to your submissions being clear and correct.

Thursday, March 12, 2020

Great Expectations1 essays

Great Expectations1 essays In Great Expectations, Pip, the protagonist and narrator of the story grows from a young child to a mannerly gentleman with high social status. Throughout the story he goes through many changes. However, in the end it turns out that Pip was handed too much too quickly. Bad fortune falls upon him and he is sent back to his poor home in Kent. All considered though, this novel is a true story of love and in the end true happiness for Pip is obtained. Great Expectations was set in early Victorian times in England when great social changes were sweeping the nation. The Industrial Revolution had transformed the social landscape, enabling people to capitalize quickly and largely. Although social status was no longer entirely dependent on heredity, the gap between classes was wide as ever. London had become quite different from the nation's rural areas. Throughout England, the etiquette of the upper class was very strict and conservative while gentlemen and ladies were expected to have good classical educations and to behave correctly in every social situation. These conditions were prevalent in Dickenss time and therefore were expressed in the writing of his novels. Pip's sudden rise from laborer to gentleman in Great Expectations forces him to move from one social extreme to another while dealing with the strict rules and expectations that governed Victorian England. This was an uncommon occurrence in this time and proved almost i mpossible for Pip to handle. The novel begins in the marsh country of Kent, in the western part of England. Phillip Pirrip, a young orphan boy who named himself Pip, was being raised by his sister and brother-in-law, Mr. Joe Gargery. One evening when Pip was visiting his Mother and Fathers grave at the cemetery he was confronted by an escaped convict dressed in rags and with his legs chained. The convict grabbed Pip and ordered him to bring food and a file to release him from his leg...

Tuesday, February 25, 2020

Managing Finance....Accounting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Managing Finance....Accounting - Essay Example break even volume is equal to fixed costs divided by the differences of the unit sales price and the unit variable costs. Since no proportion is given as regards the sales of the hotel whether for single or double occupancy, the 70% occupancy rate of rooms is computed for single occupancy. This gives a break even sales volume of 25480. With the fixed costs being '5600000 and the unit variable costs at '15, computing it algebraically, the unit sales price is '234.78 in order for the hotel to achieve break even. Since the consortium requires 20% ROCE, the assumption that the whole '50 million belongs to shareholder funds, without any other loans to finance it gives a required profit before interest and taxes of '10,000,000 in order to meet the ROCE. After the PBIT has been determined, in order to compute for the unit selling price to achieve it, the hotel can use the break even equation. The PBIT will then be added to the fixed costs. Computing algebraically, the unit sales price in order to generate a PBIT of '10,000,000 is equal to '627.24. Since depreciation is deducted from the contribution margin as part of the fixed costs, the PBIT figure is not the hotel's annual operating cash flow. In order to get the hotel's annual operating cash flow, the depreciation has to be added back. ... In order to get the hotel's annual operating cash flow, the depreciation has to be added back. In reality, where there is presence of taxes, depreciation has some effect on the hotel's total operating cash flow. Since no tax rate is stated, the assumption of a tax-free economy is made. By adding back the depreciation to the PBIT, which is essentially the net income, because of the absence of taxes, the total annual operating cash flow is '12,800,000. After determining the annual operating cash flow of the hotel, the present value of these cash flows is determined. With the horizon of ten years, and the minimum weighted average cost of capital of 12% as the hurdle rate, the present value of the annual operating cash flows amount to '72,322.854.76. After computing for the present value of annual operating cash flow, the initial outlay of '50 million should be deducted to get the net present value. The net present value of this cash flow stream amounts to '22,322,854.76. A positive net present value denotes an internal rate of return which is higher than the hurdle rate, thus it can be safely concluded that the IRR for this project is higher than 12%. The actual IRR of the cash flow stream is 22.13% for the ten year period. D. Evaluate the possibility of a hotel charging '80 per night on Fridays and Saturdays. With Fridays and Saturdays offering a different rate compared to the other days, the capacity has to be revised, under the assumption of full occupancy again. This revision gives a volume of 7280: 2 days for every week, multiplied by 52 weeks, multiplied by 70 rooms. This will constitute one segment of the revenue. For Sundays

Saturday, February 8, 2020

Launch of Zico in the 2012 London Olympics Essay

Launch of Zico in the 2012 London Olympics - Essay Example This is because of the fact that considering the advantages coconut water has to offer to the consumer, it can prove to be an essential drink for the elderly too. Keeping in mind the target audience, Coca Cola is launching Coca Cola Zico in the UK market by using the London 2012 Olympics as the major platform for it since the Olympics is considered to be the most prestigious sporting event to take place once in four years. The Zico campaign can certainly attract a lot of audience who are sport loving. For this to happen, Coca Cola can employ both advertising and public relations program to achieve their aim to successfully launch their new product. LetÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s first define the two marketing strategies. Advertising is an act of selling a product by conveying a message to the audience about the existence of a product. It can be done using both the print and electronic media to reach the masses. On the other hand, Public Relations (PR) refers to the establishment of strong relations wi th the companyÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s publics which helps in building a strong brand image. Public relations can include activities like sponsorships, covering sport events, etc. (CIPR, 2012) Carrying out advertising may not sound as simple because it entails a lot of aspects that need to be taken account of. Marketers all over the world come across many hurdles before coming up with an advertising strategy. These environmental challenges include the following: 1. Demographics: income distribution, changing lifestyle, standard of living and the likes; 2. Economic environment: per capita income, state of the economy, etc. ; 3. Cultural environment: for instance, the ad on the right of Vita Coco, the market leader in terms of coconut water in the US, maybe unacceptable in the South Asian culture but accepted in the UK culture; (Buss, 2012) 4. Political and social environment: legislation, ethics, laws, society itself, etc. Since the case is such that a new product is being launched in to the UK mar ket, the role of advertising shall be to both inform and remind the consumers about Zico. The reason for this is that the public relations program will be taking place during the Olympics and it will be followed up by the advertising campaign. The initial step to outline an advertising campaign for Zico would be to decide upon the advertising budget that Coca Cola will spend after the end of London Olympics. Since itÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s a new product, it will require a large budget. Considering the ?500,000 media budget, a 60:40 split should be done with advertising getting more as opposed to public relations. The primary reason is that advertising helps in conveying the message to a larger audience with a lower cost per audience. Considering the budget constraints, it is imperative to make the best use of the finance available. Market share also plays an impact on the advertising budget. Since we donÃ¢â‚¬â„¢t have sufficient information as to how many players are already in the market, itÃ¢â‚ ¬â„¢s hard to comment about it. For instance, the US market comprises of PepsiÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s ONE and Vita Coco that are doing very well. In case, they exist in the UK market, the role of advertising will also be persuasive in addition to informing. (Esterl, 2012) The second step in designing the advertising strategy would be to create an advertising message. In order to overcome the issue of message retention and attention, the campaign has to be clutter breaking. The concept

Thursday, January 30, 2020

The Great Depression Essay Example for Free

The Great Depression Essay A large amount of literature including research and text books, exist on the subject of the Great Depression. It is considered by many economists as the worst economic crisis in American History. Statistics suggest that from the business cycle peak in 1929 to the trough in 1933, the real Gross Domestic Product (GDP) contracted by 39%. From 1929 to 1933, the unemployment rate rose from 3. 2% to 25% any may who had jobs were only able to work part-time. By 1933, 50% of American banks had failed. From 1929 to 1933, the consumer price index (CPI) fell by -25%. The Dow Jones industrial average fell -89. 2% between September 1929 and March 1933. Net investment was negative from 1931 to 1935 and the economy experienced a sharp decline in aggregate real income, then there were massive defaults and bankruptcies by business and households (Bernanke. S, 2004, White, 2009). But what caused the great depression? Or rather, why did the recession of 1929 turn into a depression? Calomiris (1983) remarks there is still very little consensus amongst economist on this question. Before Maynard Keynes (1936) General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money, economist relied on the Classical approach both to manage and explain the Great Depression. However, the classical theory could not explain a lot of the data at the time; for instance, it could not explain the protracted unemployment (Keynes, 1936). This signified the need for a new theory of macroeconomics. Such a theory was provided by Keynes. The essence of Keynes theory is contained in the simple aggregate demand model. Keynes identified the collapse of the growth in the 1920s as part of the problem. In his opinion, the collapse of growth led to a reduction in investment opportunities and a downward shift in investment demand. The unprecedented levels of unemployment could also be explained by the collapse of aggregate spending. Keynes along with Irvin Fischer (1933) also identified the financial markets as important sources and propagators of economic decline during the Great Depression (Calomoris, 1983). However, the exact nature of this connection is still a hot topic of debate, and this is where much of the literature on the great depression can be found. According to Keynes theory of aggregate demand, monetary policy had no causal role in the Great Depression (Mishkin, 2007). Mishkin (2007 p 588) argues that this assumption was based on three pieces of evidence. He states that during the Great Depression; interest rates on U. S treasury securities were extremely low (Below 1%). To the early Keynesians, the low nominal interest rate meant that the monetary policy was easy Ã¢â‚¬â€œ expansionary (Hamilton, 1987). The second assumption was underpinned by the lack of empirical evidence on the co-movement between nominal interest rates and investments spending. While the third assumption was based on the fact that surveys by macroeconomists carried on businessmen indicated that their decision to invest was not influenced by market interest rates (Mishkin, 2007). In 1963, Friedman and Schwartz published the Monetary History of the United States in which they outlined a theory implicating money supply as the major cause of the Great Depression. In their opinion, what transformed the recession of 1929 into a depression were the imprudent policies by the Federal Reserve, which led to the stock market crash; and to the waves of banking failures which reduced the money multiplier and the money stock (Bernanke, 1983a; Friedman and Swartz, 1963). The figure 1 below shows the close correlation between GDP and the money stock. Friedman and Swartz countered the Keynesians argument that interest rates on U. S. treasury securities and high grade corporate bonds were low was countered by the observation that interest rates on lower grade bonds rose radically during the peak of contraction (between 1930-1933) this indicated that monetary policy was tight (Mishkin, 2007). The second reason why the Keynesian assumptions were regarded as misleading on the question of the tightness of the monetary policy during the depression was that; in a period of deflation; the important interest-rate transmission mechanism is through the real interest rate and not the nominal interest rate, hence low nominal interest rates do not necessarily mean that cost of borrowing is low and that monetary policy is easy since public expectation of a reduction in price levels can increase real interest rates (Hiuzinga, 1986; Summers, 1984). A good example of how the real-nominal interest rate relationship affected the U. S. economy during the Great Depression was seen in the housing sector. Wheelock reports that even though the nominal value of mortgage dept peaked in 1930, deflation caused a rise in the real value of outstanding mortgage dept up to 1832. Thus the outstanding mortgage dept burden increased sharply during the contraction phase of the depression (Wheelock, 2008). Researchers also criticized the use of Structural Model evidence by Keynesians. Mishkin (2007) argues that the quality of this type of evidence is dictated by the goodness of the model used. Friedman and Swartz narrative on the Great depression was that the original trigger of the Great Depression was the, 1928, Federal Reserve attempt to contain inflated share prices at Wall Street which they attributed to speculative activity. To accomplish this, they raised the policy interest rate. This depressed interest-sensitive spending in areas such as construction and Motor industry. This in turn induced a drop in production and investments, which led to reduced hiring of workers by companies. The tightening of the monetary policy through the recession which begun in August 1929 precipitated the October 1929, stock market crash (Hamilton, 1987, Bernanke, 2002b). The stock market crash eroded the nationÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s accumulated savings, leading to a reduction in aggregate demand. From 1930, the contracting economy triggered successive waves of widespread banking panics (Calomiris etal, 2003; Hamilton, 1987; Chandler, 1970). Bank failures and hoarding of cash increased both the currency deposit ratio and the reserve Ã¢â‚¬â€œ deposit hence a decline in money stock; this added to the deflationary pressures (Bernanke, 2007b; White, 1984). They asserted that Ã¢â‚¬Å"failure by the Fed to reverse the decline in money stock with open market operations and loans to banks through discount windows added further pressure to the economy (Friedman, 1963). Ã¢â‚¬ According to them, the 1937 -1938 recession was triggered by the FedÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s attempt to stimulate lending by doubling of the required reserve Ã¢â‚¬â€œ ratio, this had the opposite effect. Mishkin (2007) writes that the importance of this theory to most economists is that it opened a whole new connection between the financial sector and the macroeconomy. Another important contribution was that it suggested new research agenda; Calomiris (1993) summarized them thus: 1) Can the reduction in money stocks from 1930 to 1933 explain the bank failures or did they have a separate origin? 2) Was the demand for money stable given the low nominal short term interests rates in the 1930s or was there a liquidity trap 3) Could nominal price and wage rigidity offer an adequate explanation for the persistent stagnation during the 1930s? 4) Were policy failures by the Fed actions acts of omission or commission or did they represent the application of the old classical theories to new circumstances? 5) Were open market operations by the Fed, unaccompanied by reforms in the monetary and bank regulations, sufficient in reversing the 1930-1933 stagnation? Following the publication of the Monetary History, economist focused either on confirming Friedman and Swartz assertions or in researching the implications of their findings. For two decades, the focus was mainly on the first three questions. Unfortunately, economists restricted there inquiries within the framework of the sticky-price, IS-LM paradigm. This approach severely limited the search for alternative transmission mechanisms between financial markets and the macroeconomy (Bernanke, 1983). Support for the Monetarist theory has come from formal statistical tests which examined the correlations between money and aggregate spending (Mishkin, 2007) a number of researchers found that there was no liquidity trap during the 30s; therefore, money supply shocks could have had an important effect on aggregate output (Meltzer, 1963; Temin, 1989). Field argued that the pre-depression stock market boom increased money demand and that this was not offset by corresponding increase in money supply. This resulted in increases in the interest rates and in deflation (Field, 1984). Evidence corroborating Friedman-Swartz illiquidity hypothesis as the trigger of the bank failures came from data on bank suspensions aggregated at national or regional level, this data show a correlation between bank failures and turning points in indices of industrial production, the money supply, the money multiplier, interest rate, and deflation rate (Friedman, 1963; Wicker, 1980). According to White (1984, p 138), the first bank failures in the 1930 were not unique; rather, it was a continuation of the banking failures of the 1920s. Recently studies by Calomiris and Joseph (2003) have revealed a strong correlations between the characteristics of banks, the economic environment in which they operated and their chances of survival. The thesis that banks failures were not panic induced, but were a continuation of the bank failures of the 1920s, which were linked to bank overbuilding suggested a lesser role of bank failures as a transmission mechanism. Other critics Ã¢â‚¬Å"advocated additional exogenous expenditure shocks to explain the cause of the depression noting that the real money stock had not contracted during the early stages of the depression (Temin,1976; Bernanke,1983 ). Ã¢â‚¬ At the same time, some scholars argued that the reduction in money stocks during the initial stages of the depression was not large enough to trigger the depression (Meltzer, 2003) In short, economists realized that money shocks alone could not have transformed the recession into a depression. Thus, additional link were needed between the financial markets and the macroeconomy. Bernanke captured it this way in his 1983 research paper: Ã¢â‚¬Å"One problem is that there is no theory of monetary effect {per se} on the real economy that can explain protracted non neutrality. Another is that the reduction of money supply in the period seems quantitatively insufficient to explain the subsequent fall in output (Bernanke, 1983, p257)Ã¢â‚¬ The new paradigm shift came with the application of theoretical models of credit allocation under asymmetric information in imperfect markets to the Great Depression. Mishkin was the first to apply this model in his study of the impact of changes in household balance sheet and consumer spending during the Great Depression (Mishkin, 1978). He argued that Ã¢â‚¬Å"in the 1930s, the depressive effect of aggregate wealth reduction on consumption was compounded by the dept deflation which in turn reduced aggregate consumption demand. Using empirical evidence, Bernanke research suggests that the efficiency of credit allocation was reduced under imperfect market conditions of the 1930s and that aggregate demand was reduced by the resulting higher cost and reduced availability of credit (Bernanke, 1983). This process, in his opinion, can account for he protracted length of the great depression. Taken together, this new paradigm was not a rejection of Friedman and Swartz thesis, it merely showed that the monetary shock and other events in the early phase of the Depression prolonged the Depression through there effect on the institutional structure of the credit markets and the balance sheet of borrowers (White, 1984; Romer,1989). In short, macroeconomists have concluded that the tendency of banks to respond to deposit outflows and increased risk of loan defaults by freezing credit can aggravate recessions, magnifying declines in investment, production and asset prices (Calomiris, 2008) The focus on deflation and financial collapse throughout the world also suggested ways through which the depression was channeled to other countries. Currently, economists agree that the gold standard played an important role in transmitting the economic decline in America to the rest of the world (Campa, 1990; Bernanke, 2002b) under the gold standard; trade imbalances gave rise to international gold flows. In his analysis of international transmission of the American Depression, Kindleberger reasoned that that the stock market collapse and deflationary shocks triggered a liquidity squeeze, a reduction in bank lending and the international financial collapse of the 1930s i. e. the lack of access to credit forced less-developed countries to use up their gold and foreign exchange reserves; this forced them to sell old quantities of primary products at reduced prices (Kindleberger, 1973). He also noted that the depression was more protracted in countries which stuck to the gold standard The countries that abandoned gold pursued independent monetary policy and were able to rebound faster. International studies correlating adherence to the gold standard, deflation and continued economic decline have confirmed this argument (Bernanke and James, 1991; Eichengreen, 1992). Economists also believe that the enactment of The Smoot-Hawley Tariff which was supposed to protect American Farmers triggered a counterproductive wave of protectionist measures around the world, which worsened the depression (Draghi, 2009; Hamilton, 1987, Meltzer, 1963) Although most of these debates occurred after the Great Depression, scholars now agree that both inept fiscal and monetary policies transformed a normal business cycle into a depression. Since monetary contraction was part of the problem during the Depression. Currency devaluation and monetary expansions had to play a leading role in the recovery process. A number of commentators have shown that the American money supply increased by 42% between 1933 and 1937 and worldwide monetary expansion led to a lowering of interest rates and easy access to credit (Mishkin, 1991). Economists argue that since fiscal expansion can reduce expectation of deflation, they can reduce the cost of borrowing (Romer, 2009). Keynes theory that government spending, tax cuts, and monetary expansion are essential in countering recession can also be justified in light of historical evidence. Economists reason that the massive government spending, such as the New deal program {specifically Work Progress Administration (WPA) and Agricultural Adjustment Administration (AAA)} reignited the economy (Calomiris and Mason 2003, Romer 1989, Temin 1989). In fact, the general consensus among scholars is that the economy Ã¢â‚¬Å"American economy began to recover with a new monetary expansion and spending in preparation for war (White, 2009b). Ã¢â‚¬ Concerning Banking sector reform, the view on the Bank Holiday is that it was a dramatic and effective remedy. The other reforms have also drawn support from Great Depression scholars (Blinder, 2008; Gapper, 2007; White, 2009b). These reforms saw the creation of a number of regulations and institutions, Banking Act of 1933 (commonly known as Glass Steagall Act) Ã¢â‚¬â€œ the act prohibited commercial banks from underwriting of dealing in corporate securities. Insurance of bank deposits by FDIC was designed to prevent depression type bank runs. SEC regulated investment and Federal Home Loan Bank (FHLB) guaranteed Residential mortgage loans. Collectively, scholars now believe that these regulations insulated AmericaÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s banking system from the booms and busts of the financial markets (Russell, 2008). Bernanke (1983 p2) Ã¢â‚¬Å"argues that only with the rehabilitation of the financial system in 1933-35 did the economy begin its slow emergence from the Great Depression. Ã¢â‚¬ The 2007 Economic recession The economic literature on the current recession is still limited, however adequate amount of literature exist on the impact of the down turn on the U. S. economy. The Economic Report of the President Jan, 2009 gives a comprehensive coverage of how the recession started; where it started and what is to be done. A large amount of literature can also be found on the causes of the crisis. among others. In terms of impact, the reports from the Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA) indicates that from Dec 2007 to May 2009, America has had 57 bank failures; the unemployment rate has increased to 8. 9%; the economy has declined by Ã¢â‚¬â€œ 3. 3% from the second quarter 2008 Ã¢â‚¬â€œ first quarter of 2009; from Sept 2008 to may 2009, the federal government has increased the money stock by 125% and over the same period the biggest fall in the Dow Jones industrial stands at -53. 8%. The outlook is equally dire; most analysts have predicted a recession that may last up to two years (Roubini, 2009) MoodyÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s Investors Services (MIS), while further job losses are also expected have predicted increased foreclosures, while further job losses are also expected. But the impact has not been limited to America. The International Monetary Funds (IMF) World Economic Outlook published in Jan 2009 painted a bleak picture of the world economy in general: They predict that the real global growth will be close to zero; in the same report, growth in advanced world economies was projected at -2%. In his report, presented to the V Symposium on International Trade (Feb 20, 2009) Cline reported that the economic crisis in America has triggered a highly synchronized global recession, which has seen a contraction in all economies (see the Graph below showing global growth over 3 decades (Cline, 2009). Figure, 3 Showing the Synchronization of Global Recession Taken together, commentators are unanimous that, in term of severity, this recession is still mild vis-a-vis The Great Depression. Shiller (2009) writes that a lot of the upheavals in the economy have not been seen since the Great Depression. He cites the stock market volatility, the bank failures, the housing bust, the breakdown in intermediation, and the near zero interest rate. Besides the statistical comparisons, the current debate and research effort is focused on how the how the crisis started. The proximate consensus is that: the mortgage security backed housing boom in America it to blame and that the origination and distributions of this paper assets is at the heart of the problem (Markus; 2008; Grotty, 2009; Bernanke, 2009; Gapper, 2009) at the same time, researchers maintain that the crisis in the banking sector, was not independent, but resulted from distortions and incentives created by past policy actions. Blundell-Wignall, etal (2009), in there paper presented at a Reserve bank of Australia conference, averred that the current financial crisis is caused by global macro policies affecting liquidity and by very poor regulatory frame work. More specifically, economists recognize that any theory of causality, must, among other things, explain how the housing boom started, describe the factors behind the explosion of the residential mortgage backed securities (RMBS), how the banking crisis was triggered and the policy distortions that made it possible (Tett, 2007; Rajan 2009; Grotty, 2009). The findings of a number of researchers who have studied the causes of the current financial crisis in America conclude that the policy distortions started with gradual undermining of the Glass Steagall Act, from the 1980s; and the rise of the neo-classical theory of free markets (which advocates markets deregulation) Shiller (2005, p 43) argues that business cycles in the financial markets would not have been a major problem had banks been kept off the asset markets. The same argument is advanced by Summers (2008) who asserts that the deregulations in the banking sector exposed the banks to the bubbles and bursts of asset markets. Wray (2009) traces the poor regulatory framework in the U. S to the New Financial Architecture (NFA) which he claims is represented by a globally networked system of giant bank conglomerates and shadow banking system of investment bank, hedge funds and bank created special investment vehicles (SIV). In short, most scholars agree that the Riegle-Neal interstate banking and Branching efficiency Act of 1994 and the repeal of Glass Steagall Act in 1999 through the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Financial Act played a crucial role in laying the foundation which led to this crisis (Mishkin, 2009, p 268; Grotty, 2009). Atkinson, Wigall, and Lee (2009) have also concluded that the Basel II accord on international bank regulation also opened an arbitrage opportunity for banks which led to the acceleration of off-balance-sheet activities. In the same paper, they claim that SEC 2004 decision to allow investment banks to manage there own risk was a major policy blunder. Soros puts it this way. Ã¢â‚¬Å"Since 1980, regulations have been progressively relaxed until they have practically disappeared. Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦authorities could no longer calculate their risks and started relying on the risk management methods of the banks themselves (Soros 2008)Ã¢â‚¬ At the same time, scholars have concluded that the other root cause of the problem is traceable to the easy availability of credit. Diamond, etal (2009, p 615) argue that the policies affecting liquidity availed a lot of funds to the banks. The 1% federal interest rate, the % interest rate in Japan, the fixed exchange rate in china and large reserves of sovereign wealth funds are listed in his paper as sources of cheap credit which fueled the economic boom in America led to an inflation of prices around the world. The claims that interest rates were low are supported by statistics which indicates that real short term interest rates were negative from mid 2001 to mid 2005, given the modest values of inflation (Yellen, 2008) The low interest rates, in turn, ignited a housing boom. Fig, 3 shows the Case-Shiller house index from 2000-2008. According to Grauwe (2009), the doubling of US house prices from 2000-2006 was not underpinned by real changes in the U. S economy. In the same survey, he reports that between July 2006 and July 2007 the value of Dow Jones and the SP 500 rose by 30% while GDP increased only by 5%. Taken together, researchers have concluded that the collapse of the real estate market in 2006 was the origin of the crisis. The rising foreclosures turned the credit boom into a bust. however, economist have at the same time stated that the severity of the housing market bust has been compound by the weakness inherent in the financial system (Calomiris, 2008; Rajan; 2009; Bookstabber, 2007) namely; use of bank deposits for speculative activities- this operation was made possible though special investment vehicles (SIV) sometimes called shadow banking; new financial innovations Ã¢â‚¬â€œ derivative products like Credit Defaults Swaps (CDS) and Collateral Dept Obligations (CDO): they have been described as complex and overly opaque; failure of rating agencies to properly calculate the risks embedded in this instrument; and failures by regulators and supervisors. Some have added that the formulas used to compute the level of risk in this instrument was questionable and that the development of riskier higher order CDOs tended to magnify the systemic risk (Volcker, 2008; Veneroso, 2007; Soros, 2007; Rajan 2009 b). Sorros (2008) argues that the new types of mortgage-backed securities central to the boom were too complex and opaque to be priced correctly. Grotty (2009 p 40) also argues that these instruments encouraged fraud since most investors did not even know what they were buying. That when the risk inherent in these products became apparent in 2007, investors pulled back from structured products in general, banks had to re-absorb the losses incurred by their off balance entities Ã¢â‚¬â€œ SIV, straining there balance sheets in the process. Moral hazard problems and adverse selection worsened with time lending to a credit freeze which led to a slow down in economic activities around the world (Mishkin, 2007, Folkman etal, 2007; Dornbusch etal, 2000) Concerning solutions, most policy makers agree that to reverse the recession, there is need for closely coordinated intervention at global level and that efforts must focus simultaneously on fiscal, monetary and financial stability policies. The underlying assumption is that restoring confidence in the prospects for employment and income and returning to balanced growth are the only way out of the recession (Draghi, 2009). Strong expansionary fiscal policies, with measures to support demand and safeguard banking and financial system have been instituted throughout the western world. The $ 800 billion dollar stimulus plans in America has been seen as bold policy initiative, although many economist are worried about its repercussion on the national dept. The proponents of this plan see it as the best way to either create jobs or prevent job losses (Romer, 2009). At the same time, most central banks around the world have rapidly lowered there interest rates. Draghi (2009) argues that in the initial stages of a crisis, rapid disinflation should not be allowed to turn into a deflation. To keep the banks afloat, central banks have injected large quantities of money into the system; in some instances, they have bought corporate dept to keep financial institution afloat. Russell (2009) notes that reactivating financial intermediation is also essential since capital requirements cannot be satisfied by the state alone. To achieve this goal, economists agree on three basics steps. The need to guarantee liabilities to stop bank runs; taking the banks through a stress test to identify the banks with solvency problems and ring-fencing the problematic securities or transferring them to separate entities such as bad banks followed by recapitalization (Wheelock, 2009; White, 2009, Draghi, 2009) are possible ways of unfreezing bank lending. At the same time, economists agree that a solution to the housing crisis is necessary. Lastly economists have pointed out that there is a need to reform securitization, credit rating agencies, poor risk modeling and underwriting standards, as well as corporate governance lapses (Krugnall etal, 2008). Some economist has also concluded that massive failure in corporate governance in some companies reflects poor incentive structures for decision, thus bank reforms should be extended to corporate remuneration practices (White, 2009; Blinder, 2008, Crotty, 2009) Reference Bekaert, G, Harvey, C. 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